<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Bras Pneumol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jbpneu</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">J. bras. pneumol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1806-3713</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1806-3756</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">t38DxWDF3GRbTpcpHBt4Zdk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S1806-37132015000600562</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1806-37562015000000211</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Intracavitary nodule in active tuberculosis: differential diagnosis of aspergilloma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiori</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hochhegger</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanetti</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i (RJ) Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Imagens M&#233;dicas, Pavilh&#227;o Pereira Filho, Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Imagens M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pavilh&#227;o Pereira Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis, Petr&#243;polis (RJ) Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petr&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>41</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>562</fpage>
      <lpage>563</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>TO THE EDITOR:</title>
      <p>A 40-year-old male presented to the emergency room with a three-month history of cough, fever, and weight loss. Twenty-four hours later, he also presented sudden hemoptysis. A chest X-ray revealed bilateral non-homogeneous opacities, predominantly in the left lung. Chest CT showed small nodules scattered throughout both lungs, with cavities in the left lung. We also noted a nodule inside a cavity, with air interposed between the nodule and the cavity wall-the air crescent sign (ACS)-suggesting an intracavitary fungus ball. The nodule showed intense enhancement after contrast administration, suggesting a diagnosis of Rasmussen aneurysm (RA; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed active bleeding from the lower left lobar bronchus. Sputum and BAL fluid were positive for AFB, subsequently identified as <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> . Treatment with antituberculosis drugs was started, and vascular occlusion with coil embolization was performed successfully. The patient was discharged from the hospital one month later.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In A, an axial CT scan with a lung-window setting at the level of the lower lobes, showing small nodules in both lungs, a consolidation with cavitation in the lingula, and a nodule inside a cavity, with air interposed between the nodule and the cavity wall (the air crescent sign). In B, an axial CT scan with a mediastinal-window setting, demonstrating that the nodule is homogeneous. In C and D, axial and coronal reconstructions, respectively, of contrast-enhanced CT scans, showing intense enhancement of the intracavitary nodule.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1806-3756-jbpneu-41-06-0562-t4Zdk-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Hemoptysis in the presence of tuberculosis is frequently due to erosion of the bronchial artery or of a branch of the pulmonary artery; it can result from numerous conditions, such as bronchiectasis, aspergilloma, tuberculosis reactivation, scar carcinoma, chronic bronchitis, broncholithiasis, microbial colonization within a cavity, and RA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest and bronchoscopy remain the methods of choice for the evaluation of pulmonary hemorrhage.</p>
      <p>The ACS is defined as a crescent-shaped collection of air that separates the wall of a cavity from an inner mass. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Although <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. are the most common cause of the ACS, through the colonization of pre-existing cavities or retraction of infarcted lung in angioinvasive aspergillosis, this finding has been reported in association with a variety of other conditions, including tuberculosis (blood clot or RA), hydatid cysts, cavitary lung cancer, bacterial lung abscess with inspissated pus, other fungal or fungal-like conditions (coccidioidomycosis, actinomycosis, nocardiosis, and candidiasis), and intracavitary hematoma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most intracavitary nodules associated with tuberculosis correspond to aspergillomas (fungus balls caused by <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. colonization).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Less common etiologies include blood clots, cavitary lung cancer, and RA. Aspergilloma results from the fungal colonization of a preexisting pulmonary cavitation, generally secondary to tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. Although often indolent, with few or no symptoms, the process frequently involves hemoptysis, which can be fatal.</p>
      <p>A change in the position of the intracavitary nodule when the patient changes position is a valuable radiological sign for the diagnosis of aspergilloma. Therefore, the classic CT evaluation of aspergilloma includes supine and prone scans in order to demonstrate whether the central mass is free or attached to the cavity wall. In contrast to a fungus ball, cavitary lung cancer and RA are fixed to the cavity wall. Contrast enhancement on CT images of the mass might also help differentiate between aspergilloma and malignancy or RA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis are classified as RAs. Progressive weakening of the arterial wall occurs as granulation tissue replaces the adventitia and media of the artery. The granulation tissue in the vessel wall is then gradually replaced by fibrin, resulting in the thinning of the arterial wall, pseudoaneurysm formation, and subsequent rupture with hemorrhage. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Hemoptysis is the usual symptom at initial manifestation, and can be life threatening when massive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> On contrast-enhanced CT scans, RA can be identified as a markedly enhanced nodule within the wall of a tuberculous cavity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The first-line treatment for RA is endovascular embolization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
			</p>
      <p>In conclusion, RA should be included in the differential diagnosis of hemoptysis in patients with tuberculosis presenting the ACS. Contrast-enhanced CT plays an important role in the evaluation of such patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>REFERENCES</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Keeling AN, Costello R, Lee MJ. Rasmussen's aneurysm: a forgotten entity? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(1):196-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-007-9122-6</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keeling</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rasmussen's aneurysm a forgotten entity?</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>196</fpage>
          <lpage>200</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00270-007-9122-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Patel R, Singh A, Mathur RM, Sisodiya A. Emergency pneumonectomy: a life-saving measure for severe recurrent hemoptysis in tuberculosis cavitary lesion. Case Rep Pulmonol. 2015;2015:897896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/897896</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathur</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sisodiya</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emergency pneumonectomy a life-saving measure for severe recurrent hemoptysis in tuberculosis cavitary lesion</article-title>
          <source>Case Rep Pulmonol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <fpage>897896</fpage>
          <lpage>897896</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/897896</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, M&#252;ller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008 ;246(3):697-722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2462070712</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansell</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bankier</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacMahon</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McLoud</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Remy</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fleischner Society glossary of terms for thoracic imaging</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>246</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>697</fpage>
          <lpage>722</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiol.2462070712</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Gazzoni FF, Severo LC, Marchiori E, Guimar&#227;es MD, Garcia TS, Irion KL, et al. Pulmonary diseases with imaging findings mimicking aspergilloma. Lung. 2014;192(3):347-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-014-9568-7</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gazzoni</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Severo</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchiori</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irion</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary diseases with imaging findings mimicking aspergilloma</article-title>
          <source>Lung</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>192</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>347</fpage>
          <lpage>357</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00408-014-9568-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Fred HL, Gardiner CL. The air crescent sign: causes and characteristics. Tex Heart Inst J. 2009;36(3):264-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fred</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardiner</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The air crescent sign causes and characteristics</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>264</fpage>
          <lpage>265</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Silva CI, Marchiori E, Souza J&#250;nior AS, M&#252;ller NL; Comiss&#227;o de Imagem da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Illustrated Brazilian consensus of terms and fundamental patterns in chest CT scans. J Bras Pneumol. 2010;36(1):99-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132010000100016</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchiori</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Comiss&#227;o de Imagem da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Illustrated Brazilian consensus of terms and fundamental patterns in chest CT scans</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>123</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1806-37132010000100016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Lee KL, Liang HH, Chung CL, Hsiao SH, Shih CH. Pulmonary air crescent sign. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(1):97-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.796</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsiao</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shih</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary air crescent sign</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Surg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamasurg.2013.796</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Kim HY, Song KS, Goo JM, Lee JS, Lee KS, Lim TH. Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis. Radiographics. 2001;21(4):839-58; discussion 859-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goo</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis</article-title>
          <source>Radiographics</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>858</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Wang W, Gao L, Wang X. Rasmussen's aneurysm with aspergilloma in old, healed pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Imaging. 2013;37(3):580-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.09.007</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rasmussen's aneurysm with aspergilloma in old, healed pulmonary tuberculosis</article-title>
          <source>Clin Imaging</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>580</fpage>
          <lpage>582</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.09.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Bruzzi JF, R&#233;my-Jardin M, Delhaye D, Teisseire A, Khalil C, R&#233;my J. Multi-detector row CT of hemoptysis. Radiographics. 2006;26(1):3-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.261045726</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bruzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#233;my-Jardin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delhaye</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teisseire</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khalil</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#233;my</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multi-detector row CT of hemoptysis</article-title>
          <source>Radiographics</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/rg.261045726</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#243;dulo intracavit&#225;rio em tuberculose em atividade: diagn&#243;stico diferencial de aspergiloma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiori</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hochhegger</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanetti</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i (RJ) Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Imagens M&#233;dicas, Pavilh&#227;o Pereira Filho, Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">. Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis, Petr&#243;polis (RJ) Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>AO EDITOR:</title>
        <p>Um homem de 40 anos de idade deu entrada no pronto-socorro apresentando, h&#225; tr&#234;s meses, tosse, febre e perda de peso. Vinte e quatro horas depois, apresentou tamb&#233;m hemoptise s&#250;bita. A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou opacidades n&#227;o homog&#234;neas bilaterais, com predom&#237;nio no pulm&#227;o esquerdo. A TC de t&#243;rax mostrou pequenos n&#243;dulos disseminados por ambos os pulm&#245;es, com cavidades no pulm&#227;o esquerdo. Tamb&#233;m foi observado um n&#243;dulo dentro de uma cavidade, com ar interposto entre o n&#243;dulo e a parede da cavidade - o sinal do crescente a&#233;reo (SCA) - sugerindo bola f&#250;ngica intracavit&#225;ria. O n&#243;dulo apresentou realce intenso ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, sugerindo o diagn&#243;stico de aneurisma de Rasmussen (AR; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). A fibrobroncoscopia mostrou sangramento ativo no br&#244;nquio do lobo inferior esquerdo. Escarro e LBA foram positivos para BAAR, posteriormente identificado como <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> . Foi iniciado tratamento com tuberculost&#225;ticos, e realizou-se oclus&#227;o vascular por emboliza&#231;&#227;o com molas, com sucesso. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s um m&#234;s.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Em A, imagem de TC axial com janela para o pulm&#227;o, ao n&#237;vel dos lobos inferiores, mostrando pequenos n&#243;dulos em ambos os pulm&#245;es, uma consolida&#231;&#227;o com cavita&#231;&#227;o na l&#237;ngula e um n&#243;dulo dentro de uma cavidade, com ar interposto entre o n&#243;dulo e a parede da cavidade (o sinal do crescente a&#233;reo). Em B, imagem de TC axial com janela para o mediastino demonstrando que o n&#243;dulo &#233; homog&#234;neo. Em C e D, reconstru&#231;&#245;es axial e coronal, respectivamente, de imagens de TC com contraste, mostrando realce intenso do n&#243;dulo intracavit&#225;rio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1806-3756-jbpneu-41-06-0562-t4Zdk-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A hemoptise na presen&#231;a de tuberculose &#233; frequentemente devida &#224; eros&#227;o da art&#233;ria br&#244;nquica ou de um ramo da art&#233;ria pulmonar; pode ser resultante de in&#250;meras condi&#231;&#245;es, tais como bronquiectasias, aspergiloma, reativa&#231;&#227;o de tuberculose, carcinoma cicatricial, bronquite cr&#244;nica, broncolit&#237;ase, coloniza&#231;&#227;o microbiana dentro de uma cavidade e AR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A TC de t&#243;rax com contraste e a broncoscopia continuam sendo os m&#233;todos de escolha para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da hemorragia pulmonar.</p>
        <p>O SCA &#233; definido como uma cole&#231;&#227;o de ar em forma de crescente que separa a parede da cavidade de uma massa interna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Embora <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. seja a causa mais comum do SCA, por meio da coloniza&#231;&#227;o de cavidades pr&#233;-existentes ou retra&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o infartado na aspergilose angioinvasiva, esse achado j&#225; foi descrito em associa&#231;&#227;o com v&#225;rias outras condi&#231;&#245;es, incluindo tuberculose (co&#225;gulo sangu&#237;neo ou AR), cistos hid&#225;ticos, c&#226;ncer pulmonar cavit&#225;rio, abscesso pulmonar bacteriano com pus inspissado, outras condi&#231;&#245;es f&#250;ngicas ou semelhantes (coccidioidomicose, actinomicose, nocardiose e candid&#237;ase) e hematoma intracavit&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos n&#243;dulos intracavit&#225;rios associados &#224; tuberculose corresponde a aspergilomas (bolas f&#250;ngicas causadas pela coloniza&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Etiologias menos comuns incluem co&#225;gulos sangu&#237;neos, c&#226;ncer pulmonar cavit&#225;rio e AR. O aspergiloma &#233; resultante da coloniza&#231;&#227;o f&#250;ngica de uma cavita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-existente, geralmente secund&#225;ria a tuberculose ou sarcoidose. Embora frequentemente indolente, com poucos ou nenhum sintoma, o processo muitas vezes envolve hemoptise, a qual pode ser fatal.</p>
        <p>Uma mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o do n&#243;dulo intracavit&#225;rio quando o paciente muda de posi&#231;&#227;o &#233; um sinal radiol&#243;gico valioso para o diagn&#243;stico de aspergiloma. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica de aspergiloma por TC inclui imagens obtidas em dec&#250;bito dorsal e ventral a fim de se demonstrar se a massa central est&#225; solta ou presa &#224; parede da cavidade. Diferentemente da bola f&#250;ngica, c&#226;ncer pulmonar cavit&#225;rio e AR est&#227;o fixados &#224; parede da cavidade. O realce da massa pelo meio de contraste nas imagens de TC tamb&#233;m pode ajudar na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre aspergiloma e malignidade ou AR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pseudoaneurismas da art&#233;ria pulmonar secund&#225;rios &#224; tuberculose pulmonar s&#227;o classificados como AR. O enfraquecimento progressivo da parede arterial ocorre &#224; medida que tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o substitui as t&#250;nicas m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia da art&#233;ria. O tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o na parede do vaso &#233; ent&#227;o gradualmente substitu&#237;do por fibrina, resultando no afinamento da parede arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A hemoptise &#233; o sintoma habitual na manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial, e pode ser fatal quando maci&#231;a. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Em imagens de TC com contraste, o AR pode ser identificado como um n&#243;dulo com realce intenso, dentro da parede de uma cavidade tuberculosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O tratamento de primeira linha para AR &#233; a emboliza&#231;&#227;o endovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o AR deve ser inclu&#237;do no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de hemoptise em pacientes com tuberculose que apresentam o SCA. A TC com contraste desempenha um importante papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
